This unit introduces the suffixes -moH and -Ha'.

-moH

-moH is a type 4 verb suffix—in fact, it is the only type 4 verb suffix that we know of. -moH is used to form causatives; this feature is also present in several other languages, such as Esperanto's -ig-.

For example, from poS to be open one can form a new verb poSmoH to cause to be open, to make open = to open. From Sop to eat one can form a new verb SopmoH to cause to eat = to feed. From ghoj to learn one can form a new verb ghojmoH to cause to learn = to teach.

If the root verb does not take an object, then the subject of the root verb simply becomes the object of the causative verb:

poS Qorwagh. The window is open.
Qorwagh poSmoH mara. Mara opens the window.

If the root verb can take an object, then there are several possibilities, depending on whether you want to name both the original subject and object, or just one of them:

tlhIngan Hol ghoj tera'ngan. The Terran learns Klingon.
tlhIngan Hol ghojmoH lurveng. Lurveng teaches Klingon. (original object stays object)
tera'ngan ghojmoH lurveng. Lurveng teaches the Terran. (original subject becomes object)
tera'nganvaD tlhIngan Hol ghojmoH lurveng. Lurveng teaches Klingon to the Terran. (original subject becomes beneficiary; original object stays object)

This means that something like puq SopmoH torgh Torg feeds the child can be ambiguous between Torg feeds the child (to the targ) or Torg feeds the child (with pie).

targhvaD puq SopmoH torgh and puqvaD chab SopmoH torgh are clear.

-'eghmoH in commands

As you may remember from "Give Commands", verbs of quality (verbs that describe a state or quality, such as be hungry, be tired, be brave, be loyal, rather than an action, such as run, walk, fight, eat, drink) require -'eghmoH in the imperative or command form.

For example, Be brave! would be yIyoH'eghmoH! to one person (literally, Cause yourself to be brave!) and peyoH'eghmoH! to several people (literally, Cause yourselves to be brave!).

Since -'egh is a type 1 verb suffix and -moH is a type 4 verb suffix, any type 2 or 3 suffixes would come between them, but would otherwise not change the usage or meaning.

-Ha'

The verb suffix -Ha' implies un-doing something that you did or mis-doing something, doing it wrongly. Sometimes the meaning is also simply the opposite of the basic verb.

For example, from yaj understand we get yajHa' misunderstand; from meS to tie (a knot) meSHa' to untie (a knot), and from par to dislike parHa' to like.

-Ha' is officially classified as lengwI' (a rover) by Klingon linguists, but, in actuality, it doesn't rove the way -be' and -qu' do. When Ha' is used it always comes immediately after the verb, including even before any Type 1 verb suffixes.