tlh is another sound not made in English. It explodes like a "t", but out the sides of the tongue like an "l". Note that this is one consonant in Klingon & is the only time you will see a l (lower-case L) without at least one vowel next to it.

gh is produced at the top of the throat with a raspy gargle or purr & a voiced vibration in the throat. Please note that gh is a single Klingon consonant.

Verbs

Klingon verbs do not have tense (past, present, future), so a verb such as yaj could mean "understands, understood, will understand".

Time Stamps

You will learn more time stamps, so let's review their use.
Since Klingon verbs lack tense, a common way to indicate the tense of a sentence is to note the time frame of the action at the start of the sentence. These are often called "Time Stamps". We use them in English, too:
Tomorrow I will fight the enemy.

"Tomorrow" is a time stamp. In Klingon the word for "tomorrow" is wa'leS:
wa'leS jagh vISuv.

In English, time stamps can be moved around in the sentence and it is also possible to say, "I will fight the enemy tomorrow." This is NOT true in Klingon. In Klingon the Time Stamp must be part of the beginning of the sentence and must be before the object, if there is one (which also means before the verb, whether there is an object or not). As you learn more about Klingon grammar, you will see that there are also other elements that will be part of the beginning of the sentence before the object.

New verb prefixes

Next to jI- for "I …" and bI- for "you …" (for one person), you will learn Su- for "you …" (for multiple people, also some times said as "you guys", "all of you", "you all", or "y'all"). These prefixes indicate that there is no object.

You will sometimes be presented with an English sentence with the word "you" and no other indication whether this is supposed to be singular or plural. In such cases, Duolingo will usually accept either the Klingon version for singular "you" or for plural "you". But watch carefully for other grammar or context in the exercise that indicates whether the "you" might be singular or plural.

Pronouns

Pronouns can represent a noun, but you must include the appropriate prefix : maval maH "we are smart"; jIH cholegh SoH "you see me".

The prefixes are required, the pronouns are not! Pronouns can be left off, since the verb prefix shows what the subject and object are.

Pronouns are commonly used to emphasise the subject and/or object, for example, jIqet jIH 'ach bIyIt SoH "I am running but you are walking".

When the null prefix is used for third person subjects and objects, pronouns are sometimes used to clarify: mara legh qoq 'ej 'oH tI' ghaH "The robot sees Mara and she fixes it".

ghaH vs 'oH

Unlike English, Klingon does not use separate pronouns for male or female: ghaH is used for all "beings capable of using language" (Klingons, humans, etc.) regardless of whether they are male or female. It can be translated as either "he" or "she" (or "him" or "her" as an object). To keep singular vs plural clear, we do not accept "they" as a translation, but we encourage the use of singular "they" in other contexts.

'oH "it" is used for other things: animals, plants, inanimate objects, etc. Klingon is similar to English in that things are all "it" – there are no feminine forks or masculine chairs.

There may occasionally be nouns, such as an android, for which it is difficult to determine if it is a "being capable of language". There is no correct answer for these and different people might use different pronouns.

This division into "beings capable of using language" and "everything else" is also used in forming plurals and in possessive endings, which will be taught later.